Research methodology for business m.com question papers with answers pdf mumbai university

 IDOL Mumbai University important questions bank  

M.com Part 1 (sem. 2)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY FOR BUSINESS

Q.8. Briefly explain types of hypothesis.

ANS:

1) Simple Hypothesis:

It reflects the relationship between one dependent variables (DV) and one independent variable (IDV).

Examples:

·        Higher the unemployment (IDV), higher would be the rate of crime (DV) in society

·        Lower the use of fertilizers (IDV), lower would be agricultural productivity (DV).

·        Higher the poverty (IDV) in the society, higher would be the rate of crimes (DV).

2) Complex Hypothesis:

It reflects the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.

Examples:

·        Higher the poverty (IDV) leads to higher rate of illiteracy (DV) in the society, higher would be the rate of crime (DV).

·        Lower use of fertilizer (IDV) and modern equipments (IDV), lower would be the agricultural productivity (DV)

3) Directional Hypothesis:

A directional hypothesis is a prediction made by a researcher regarding a positive or negative change, relationship, or difference between two variables of a population. This prediction is typically based on past research, accepted theory, extensive experience, or literature on the topic. For example- “There will be a positive relationship between extra coaching and academic achievement”

4) Non-Directional Hypothesis:

This form of hypothesis is used in studies where there is no sufficient past research available on which predication can be made about relation between variables. It does not stipulate the direction of the relationship. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship. Eg. “Teacher – student relationship influence student’s learning.”

5) Null Hypothesis:

This is a hypothesis that proposes no relationship or difference between two variables. It involves a statement that says there is no relationship between two groups that the researcher compares on a certain variable. It is denoted by “H0”.

Example –

·        There is no relation between poverty and crime in a society.

·        ‘There is no difference in the academic performance of high school students who participate in extracurricular activities and those who do not participate in such activities’

6) Alternative Hypothesis:

This hypothesis proposes a relationship between two or more variables. Alternative hypothesis is denoted by “H1”. Example –

·        There is relation between poverty and crime in a society.

·        ‘There is difference in the academic performance of high school students who participate in extracurricular activities and those who do not participate in such activities’

7) Causal Hypothesis:

Causal hypotheses propose a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables. This hypothesis predicts the effect of independent variable on the dependent variable. Eg. ‘High school students who participate in extracurricular activities spend less time studying which leads to a low grades.’

8) Associative Hypothesis:

These hypotheses aim to determine if relationships exist between a set of variables. Do not indicate cause and effect.

9) Testable Hypothesis:

These hypotheses predict relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. These variables are testable or measurable.

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