SEMESTER - II
MACROECONOMIC
7. Explain
the concept of Human Development?
ANS:
The UNDP Human Development
Report 1997 describes
human development as “the
process of widening people’s choices
and the level of well-being
they achieve are at the core of the notion
of human development. Such
theories are neither finite nor static.
But regardless of the level of
development, the three essential
choices for people are to lead
a long and healthy life, to acquire
knowledge and to have access
to the resources needed for a
decent standard of living.
Human development does not end there,
however. Other choices highly
valued by many people, range from
political, economic and social
freedom to opportunities for being
creative and productive and
enjoying self-respect and guaranteed
human rights”. The HDR 1997
further stated that, “Income clearly
is only one option that people
would like to have though an
important one. But it is not
the sum-total of their lives. Income is
only a means with human
development the end”.
What we understand from the
description of human
development found in HDR 1997
is that human development is a
continuous process. The
process becomes developmental only if it
increases choices and improves
human well-being. Amongst other
choices, the three most
important choices are that of long and
healthy life which is
determined by life expectancy at birth, to
acquire knowledge which is
determined by education and a decent
standard of living which is
determined by GDP per capita. These
three choices are also the
components of human development
index. While these three
choices are basic to human development,
the choices go beyond these
three to include the ever expanding
social, political and economic
freedoms that make human life worth
living. Thus, guaranteed human
rights become an important aspect
of human development.
According to Paul Streeton,
human development is necessary due to the following reasons:
1. Economic growth is only a
means to the end of achieving
human development.
2. Investments in education,
health and training will increase
longevity and productivity of
the labor force and thereby improve
human development.
3. Female education and
development widens choices for
women’s development. Reduced
infant mortality rate reduces
fertility rate and reduces the
size of the family. It further
improves female health and
helps to reduce the rate of growth
of population.
4. Encroachment upon the
natural environment is the result of
growing size of impoverished
populations. Problems of
desertification,
deforestation, and soil erosion, erosion of natural
beauty, unpleasant habitats and
surroundings will reduce with
human development.
5. Poverty reduction will
encourage people to satisfy higher order
needs like esteem needs and
the need for self-actualization.
Thus, human development can
contribute to a better civil
society, a credible democracy
and social stability and political
stability.
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